The surviving evidence for this resistance remains limited and fragmentary. Most reconstructions rely on a small number of sixteenth-century administrative documents, especially correspondence by Andrés de Cereceda and later royal decrees, supplemented by archaeological and ethnohistorical research. As a result, many aspects of the chronology, political organization, and geographical extent of the movement remain uncertain. Despite this, we know that it was centered in the lower Ulúa River valley, with its principal stronghold at Ticamaya, and that it was led by the indigenous chieftain Cicumba (also rendered Çoçumba or Çiçumba), who controlled an extensive network of settlements in one of the most strategically important regions of northern Honduras. Unlike the later and better-known Lenca rebellion (1537-1538), this was not a single uprising but a prolonged resistance to repeated Spanish attempts to establish permanent control over the Ulúa valley and the route linking the Caribbean coast with the interior. Colonial sources describe fortified indigenous positions, attacks on Spanish expeditions and newly founded settlements, and several failed efforts to occupy the region since at least 1525. The resistance was finally overcome in June 1536, when the Adelantado Pedro de Alvarado, coming from Guatemala, supported by allied indigenous troops and artillery, led a large expedition that captured Ticamaya and defeated Cicumba. According to contemporary documents, the defeated leader subsequently accepted baptism and submitted to Spanish authority. The main significance of Cicumba’s resistance, as recent scholarship has been pointing out, lies in its being the earliest and one of the most enduring instances of indigenous resistance to the Spanish conquest of Honduras.